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Fluid Mechanics Practice

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Direct Practice

1.1Relate Density, Specific Weight, and Viscosity

Exam I | Problem 1.1 | Fluid Properties · Newtonian Fluids

A fluid has density $1000\ \text{kg/m}^3$ and dynamic viscosity $1.0\times 10^{-3}\ \text{Pa}\cdot\text{s}$.

Find:

  • its specific weight $\gamma$

  • its specific volume $v$

  • its kinematic viscosity $\nu$

Also state whether this fluid is usually modeled as incompressible and Newtonian in ordinary pipe flow.

1.2Classify Flow by Reynolds Number

Exam I | Problem 1.2 | Reynolds Number · Flow Regime

Oil flows through a circular pipe with

$$ \rho = 850\ \text{kg/m}^3,\quad \mu = 0.17\ \text{Pa}\cdot\text{s},\quad V = 0.40\ \text{m/s},\quad D = 0.020\ \text{m}. $$

Find the Reynolds number and classify the flow as laminar, transitional, or turbulent.

1.3Find Pressure at a Depth

Exam I | Problem 1.3 | Hydrostatics · Pressure

What is the gauge pressure $6$ m below the free surface in fresh water?

Use $\rho = 1000\ \text{kg/m}^3$ and $g = 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2$.

1.4Convert Gauge Pressure to Pressure Head

Exam I | Problem 1.4 | Pressure Head

A gauge reads $150\ \text{kPa}$ in water.

What pressure head does this correspond to?

1.5Compute Buoyant Force from Displaced Volume

Exam I | Problem 1.5 | Buoyancy · Hydrostatics

A submerged object displaces $0.030\ \text{m}^3$ of water.

What buoyant force acts on it?

1.6Use Continuity in a Converging Pipe

Exam I | Problem 1.6 | Continuity · Volumetric Flow Rate

Water flows through a $60$ mm pipe at $3.0\ \text{m/s}$ and then enters a $30$ mm nozzle.

Find the volumetric flow rate and the nozzle exit speed.

1.7Apply Bernoulli at the Same Elevation

Exam I | Problem 1.7 | Bernoulli Equation · Pressure

In a horizontal water line, the speed increases from $2\ \text{m/s}$ to $6\ \text{m/s}$.

What is the pressure drop between the two points?

1.8Find the Darcy Friction Factor for Laminar Flow

Exam I | Problem 1.8 | Friction Factor · Reynolds Number

A pipe flow has Reynolds number $1600$.

Assuming the flow is laminar, what is the Darcy friction factor?

1.9Compute Stagnation Pressure

Exam I | Problem 1.9 | Stagnation Pressure · Bernoulli Equation

Air flows with static pressure $101\ \text{kPa}$, density $1.2\ \text{kg/m}^3$, and speed $30\ \text{m/s}$.

What is the stagnation pressure?

1.10Check for Compressibility from Mach Number

Exam I | Problem 1.10 | Mach Number · Compressible Flow

Air moves at $120\ \text{m/s}$ and the local speed of sound is $340\ \text{m/s}$.

Find the Mach number and say whether compressibility effects may matter.

Integrated Practice

2.1Read a Two-Fluid Manometer

Exam II | Problem 2.1 | Hydrostatics · Manometers · Pressure

A tank gas is connected to a U-tube manometer. On the tank side, $5$ cm of water sits above mercury. The mercury level on the open side is $15$ cm higher than the mercury-water interface on the tank side. The open side is at atmospheric pressure.

Find the gas gauge pressure in the tank.

2.2Resultant Force on a Submerged Gate

Exam II | Problem 2.2 | Hydrostatic Force · Center of Pressure

A vertical rectangular gate is $2$ m high and $1$ m wide. Its top edge is $3$ m below the free surface in water.

Find the resultant hydrostatic force and the depth of the center of pressure below the free surface.

2.3Match Mass Flow Rates Across a Nozzle

Exam II | Problem 2.3 | Continuity · Mass Flow Rate

Water enters a $60$ mm pipe at $3.0\ \text{m/s}$ and leaves through a $30$ mm nozzle.

Find the nozzle exit speed and the mass flow rate.

2.4Find Pump Head in an Extended Bernoulli Balance

Exam II | Problem 2.4 | Bernoulli Equation · Head Loss · Pumps

Water is pumped from one large open reservoir to another large open reservoir that is $8$ m higher.

The system loses $3$ m of head along the way.

What pump head is required if the free-surface velocities are negligible?

2.5Compute the Force on a 90-Degree Elbow

Exam II | Problem 2.5 | Momentum Equation · Control Volume

A $0.10$ m diameter pipe carries water at $4.0\ \text{m/s}$ through a 90-degree elbow.

Neglect pressure forces and weight.

What is the magnitude of the force the fluid exerts on the elbow?

2.6Scale a Free-Surface Model

Exam II | Problem 2.6 | Froude Number · Similitude

A spillway model is built at $1:36$ scale using the same fluid as the prototype.

If the prototype surface speed is $6\ \text{m/s}$, what model speed gives Froude similarity?

2.7Combine Major and Minor Losses

Exam II | Problem 2.7 | Darcy-Weisbach · Minor Losses · Head Loss

Water flows through a $40$ m long pipe of diameter $50$ mm at $2.0\ \text{m/s}$.

The Darcy friction factor is $0.03$, and the total minor-loss coefficient is $2.0$.

Find the total head loss and the equivalent pressure drop.

2.8Calculate Drag from a Coefficient

Exam II | Problem 2.8 | Drag Coefficient · External Flow

A bluff body in air has reference area $2.0\ \text{m}^2$ and drag coefficient $C_D = 1.2$.

The air density is $1.2\ \text{kg/m}^3$ and the speed is $25\ \text{m/s}$.

What drag force acts on the body?

Applied Problems

3.1Size the Inlet Pressure for a Rising Pipe

Final | Problem 3.1 | Continuity · Bernoulli Equation · Head Loss

Water flows at $0.015\ \text{m}^3/\text{s}$ through an $80$ m long, $0.10$ m diameter pipe that rises $5$ m and discharges to atmosphere at the same diameter.

Take the Darcy friction factor as $0.02$ and neglect minor losses.

What inlet gauge pressure is needed?

3.2Find the Force of a Jet on a Flat Plate

Final | Problem 3.2 | Momentum Equation · Jets

A $50$ mm diameter water jet moves at $20\ \text{m/s}$ and is brought to rest in the jet direction by a flat plate.

What average force does the jet exert on the plate?

3.3Choose the Right Similarity Condition for a Spillway Model

Final | Problem 3.3 | Froude Number · Similitude · Free-Surface Flow

A spillway model is built at $1:36$ scale in the same fluid as the prototype.

The prototype surface speed is $6\ \text{m/s}$.

Which similarity condition should be matched, and what model speed follows from that choice?

3.4Check Whether a Converging Nozzle Chokes

Final | Problem 3.4 | Mach Number · Choked Flow · Isentropic Relations

Air flows from a large reservoir with stagnation pressure $500\ \text{kPa}$ and stagnation temperature $300\ \text{K}$ through a converging nozzle.

The back pressure is $200\ \text{kPa}$.

Determine whether the nozzle is choked. If it is, find the throat pressure and throat temperature.

3.5Estimate the Minimum Flight Speed for Level Lift

Final | Problem 3.5 | Lift Coefficient · External Flow · Force Balance

A glider must support a weight of $5400\ \text{N}$ in level flight.

Its wing area is $16\ \text{m}^2$, the air density is $1.2\ \text{kg/m}^3$, and the lift coefficient is $0.8$.

Estimate the minimum speed for level flight.

Challenge / Synthesis

4.1Balance a Multi-Fluid Manometer

Final | Problem 4.1 | Hydrostatics · Manometers · Pressure

An open mercury surface is connected to a tank through a multi-fluid column. Starting at the open surface, move down $0.12$ m in mercury, then up $0.40$ m in water, then up $0.18$ m in oil with density $850\ \text{kg/m}^3$ to reach the tank gas.

What is the tank gauge pressure?

4.2Size the Pump for a Reservoir-to-Reservoir Line

Final | Problem 4.2 | Continuity · Bernoulli Equation · Head Loss · Pumps

Water is pumped from one large open reservoir to another large open reservoir that is $12$ m higher.

The line is $120$ m long, the pipe diameter is $0.08$ m, the Darcy friction factor is $0.025$, and the flow rate is $0.010\ \text{m}^3/\text{s}$.

Two 90-degree elbows have loss coefficients of $0.9$ each.

What pump head is required?

4.3Match Reynolds Number in a Wind-Tunnel Model

Final | Problem 4.3 | Reynolds Number · Similitude · External Flow

A car is tested in a wind tunnel with a $1:5$ scale model.

The prototype speed is $30\ \text{m/s}$, and the same air is used in both cases.

What model speed is needed to match Reynolds number?

4.4Use Critical Pressure Ratio to Test for Choking

Final | Problem 4.4 | Mach Number · Choked Flow · Isentropic Relations

A converging nozzle receives air from a large reservoir at $p_0 = 500\ \text{kPa}$ and $T_0 = 300\ \text{K}$.

What is the largest back pressure that still allows choking? If the nozzle is choked, what are the throat pressure and throat temperature?